The Persistence of Political Instability in South Asia: A Realist Analysis

Abstract

Abstract: Political instability continues to be a pervasive challenge in South Asia, impacting governance, economic advancement, and regional security. This paper analyses the fundamental causes of political instability in the region from a Realist perspective, highlighting power dynamics, national interests, and external factors. Principal elements contributing to instability encompass political corruption, fragile state institutions, ethnic and religious divisions, socio-economic inequalities and unemployment, regional geopolitical rivalry and foreign interventions. The research employs a qualitative analysis of South Asian nations, emphasising case studies from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The results indicate that although democratic structures are there, power conflicts, military interventions, and foreign geopolitical factors intensify instability. The article concludes by advocating for policy actions that adhere to realism principles, including enhancing state capacity through institutions and the economy, forming strategic alliances, and pragmatic regional cooperation. Keywords: Political instability, South Asia, Realism, governance, geopolitical influence